Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is one of the leading causes of vision loss for people over 50, but not all AMD is the same. There are two main types (dry and wet AMD) and understanding the differences between them is crucial for early detection and effective management. While both forms affect the macula, the central part of the retina responsible for sharp vision, they differ significantly in how they develop, the symptoms they cause, and the ways they are treated.

Dry AMD accounts for about 80-90% of all cases. It occurs when the light-sensitive cells in the macula gradually break down, usually due to aging and the accumulation of drusen - tiny yellow deposits under the retina.

Dry AMD typically causes a gradual, painless loss of central vision. Many people notice it becomes increasingly difficult to recognize faces or read, and tasks that require sharp vision may feel more challenging. Often, individuals find themselves needing brighter light for close-up activities, such as reading or sewing. As the condition progresses, central vision may appear blurry or hazy, making daily tasks harder to manage.

The progression of dry AMD is usually slow, unfolding over several years. In the early stages, most patients may not notice much change or experience only mild symptoms. However, as the disease advances, central vision can become more and more compromised, impacting quality of life.

While there is currently no cure for dry AMD, certain lifestyle changes and nutritional supplements (like those found in the AREDS2 formula) may help slow its progression. Regular eye exams and close monitoring are essential for detecting any changes early and adjusting care as needed.

Wet AMD is less common but far more serious. It occurs when abnormal blood vessels grow under the retina and leak fluid or blood, leading to rapid damage to the macula.

Wet AMD is often marked by a sudden and noticeable loss of central vision. One of the classic symptoms is that straight lines may appear wavy or distorted; a phenomenon known as metamorphopsia. Patients may also develop dark or blind spots in the center of their vision, making it difficult to read, drive, or recognize faces. These visual changes tend to worsen rapidly, and the overall decline in vision can happen over a matter of days or weeks.

Unlike dry AMD, wet AMD progresses very quickly. Without timely treatment, it can cause significant and sometimes permanent vision loss within a short period - often just weeks or months. Because of its aggressive nature, early intervention is absolutely critical for preserving as much vision as possible.

The primary goal of treatment for wet AMD is to stop or slow the growth of abnormal blood vessels beneath the retina. The most common and effective treatment is the injection of anti-VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) medications directly into the eye, which helps to control the underlying process. In certain cases, laser therapy may also be recommended to target leaking blood vessels. With regular monitoring and prompt treatment, it is sometimes possible to stabilize or even improve vision for patients with wet AMD.

Routine eye exams play a crucial role in the early detection of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and other sight-threatening conditions. Many eye diseases, including both dry and wet forms of AMD, can develop gradually and without noticeable symptoms in their early stages.

Through comprehensive eye exams, eye care professionals can identify subtle changes in the retina long before vision loss becomes apparent. Early detection makes it possible to begin monitoring or treatment promptly, which can help slow the progression of AMD, preserve vision, and improve long-term outcomes.